Gingivitis is a very common oral condition so common that you’ve likely had it at some point in your life.
What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is a mild form of periodontal disease that causes irritation, redness, and swelling of the part of the gum that surrounds the base of the teeth.
Gingivitis and periodontitis are two phases of the same disease. Gingivitis is the initial phase and is reversible as long as proper hygiene measures are adopted.
It’s important to treat gingivitis early, as it can progress to a far more serious periodontal disease called periodontitis, which can lead to tooth mobility and even tooth loss. While poor oral hygiene is the most common cause, gingivitis can have different origins, as described below.
What are the symptoms of gingivitis?
Gums with gingivitis are redder than usual and often inflamed and swollen, which can be uncomfortable or even painful. It’s also common for the gums to bleed easily, for example, while eating or during toothbrushing.
Although this form of periodontal disease presents similar symptoms in most cases, several types of gingivitis can be distinguished:
- Acute gingivitis: The most common type, presenting the symptoms mentioned above.
- Desquamative gingivitis: Identified when the gums take on a more intense pink to reddish tone, often with dark spots across the gum tissue. Patients typically experience a burning sensation, high tooth sensitivity, and abundant bleeding.
- Ulcerative gingivitis: Characterized by marked halitosis and, most notably, ulcers on the interdental papillae. These small gum lesions are very painful, and patients usually exhibit the other signs of periodontal disease as well.
- Hemorrhagic gingivitis: Marked by excessive, frequent bleeding. This type often originates from inflammation caused by calculus (tartar) buildup, though sometimes an external factor is responsible.
- Non-bacterial gingivitis: Although dental plaque is the main cause of gingivitis, other factors can trigger it:
- Aggressive brushing: Excess pressure on the oral mucosa can cause gum recession, sensitivity, and bleeding even in the absence of plaque.
- Orthodontics: Poorly planned or executed orthodontic treatment and irregular follow-ups can provoke gingivitis.
- Stress or anxiety: Especially in young and smoking patients, high stress levels can lower defenses and affect gum health.
- Pregnancy: Hormonal changes substantially influence periodontal diseases, so gestational gingivitis often appears during pregnancy.
Gingivitis during pregnancy
Gestational gingivitis is common in expectant mothers. Although it’s usually not severe, it should be treated to avoid complications for both mother and baby.
When gingivitis during pregnancy is not treated, it can progress to periodontitis, which has been associated with serious outcomes such as preeclampsia (high blood pressure), preterm birth, and low birth weight.
The best way to prevent gingivitis in pregnancy is to maintain thorough oral hygiene and visit the dentist regularly.
How is gingivitis treated?
The best way to remove daily plaque deposits on teeth and gums is through oral hygiene. Brushing alone isn’t enough: mouthrinses and dental floss should also be used.
In patients with conventional orthodontics, or those with prostheses or dental implants, it’s advisable to add an interdental brush and an oral irrigator.
It’s also very important to see your dentist every 6 to 12 months for a professional cleaning. Preventing gingivitis is simple: build a solid oral-hygiene routine. But if you already have gingivitis, it’s crucial to treat it promptly to avoid more serious complications.
What happens if gingivitis is not treated?
If left untreated, gingivitis can evolve into the more serious form of gum disease, periodontitis.
Beyond causing tooth loss, periodontitis has been associated with systemic diseases such as diabetes and stroke, and with rheumatoid arthritis. Some studies suggest that the bacteria responsible for periodontitis can enter the bloodstream through the gum tissue and affect the heart, lungs, and other parts of the body. More research is needed to confirm these associations.
Factors that can increase the risk of gingivitis:
- Poor oral-care habits.
- Smoking or chewing tobacco.
- Poorly executed dental restorations.
- Dental crowding.
- Diseases that reduce immunity (e.g., leukemia, HIV/AIDS) or cancer treatment.
- Hormonal changes related to pregnancy or oral contraceptives.
- Genetic factors.
The information in this article is for guidance. Because the signs and severity of gingivitis vary, an accurate diagnosis is necessary to determine the right treatment. For a detailed evaluation of your gum health, please book an appointment with Dr. Daniel Fernández.
